Human identification by means of conventional and digital Cheiloscopy: a study of the literature

One of the areas of human identification is Cheiloscopy, the name given to the study of the lips, their characteristics (such as thickness, position of the grooves and grooves) and the record of the impressions left by them. There are variations in the layout of the lines and fissures of the lips, which are unique to each individual, permanent and unchanging. The lip print rarely changes, enduring minor traumas such as inflammation or sores. In criminal investigations, lip prints, visible through the presence of lipstick, can be found on glasses, napkins, clothes, cigarettes, indicating a relationship between the subject and the scene of the crime. Latent impressions may be revealed employing specific chemicals such as powder of silver and aluminum nitrate. Although it is not a very common method, Cheiloscopy may become very useful in forensics due to the extensive amount of valuable information that it brings. The objective of this study was to review the literature on the use of Cheiloscopy in human identification, using traditional and digital methods. It was found that the literature is still in need of studies in this area. The advent of new digital technologies can facilitate the implementation of technical expertise, generating speed and objectivity. New research studies are necessary, especially in the development of digital methods. The application of Cheiloscopy can greatlyhelp with Law, in the identification of living suspects and dead individuals. In the end the benefit will fall to society as a whole.

Desenvolvimento e validação de sistema multiplex X-STR para identificação humana por DNA

Novas metodologias de análise molecular voltadas para estudos populacionais, clínicos, evolutivos, da biodiversidade e identificação forense foram desenvolvidas com base em marcadores microssátelites ou STR Short Tandem Repeats. Os marcadores STR, que estão amplamente espalhados nos genomas e se caracterizam por apresentar alto grau de polimorfismo, podem ser analisados a partir da amplificação por PCR (Reação em Cadeia da polimerase). A análise foi facilitada a partir do desenvolvimento de sistemas de amplificação simultânea de múltiplos STR (multiplex STR) e com a detecção automatizada dos produtos de amplificação marcados por fluorescência. Recentemente, o uso de marcadores STR do cromossomo X (X-STR) tornou-se significativo na prática forense. Devido ao seu modo de transmissão, os X-STR são úteis em situações particulares de investigação de relações de parentesco, apresentando vantagens sobre o uso de STR autossômicos. Este estudo teve como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento e validação de sistema multiplex, denominado LDD (X-STR) Decaplex, capaz de amplificar dez loci X-STR (DXS7133, DXS7424, DXS8378, DXS6807, DXS7132, DXS10074, DXS7423, DXS8377, GATA172D05 e DXS10101) para aplicação em genética populacional, identificação e análises forenses. Utilizando o LDD (X-STR) Decaplex 170 indivíduos autodenominados afrodescendentes, não aparentados geneticamente, foram genotipados. As freqüências alélicas e genotípicas não apresentaram desvio do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e estão em concordância com aquelas observadas em outros estudos. Os haplótipos observados foram únicos em indivíduos de amostra masculina. A análise de desequilíbrio de ligação não revelou associação entre os marcadores X-STR. A diversidade genética foi elevada, variando entre 0,6218 para o locus DXS7133 a 0,9327 para o locus DXS8377. Os parâmetros de Probabilidade de Vinculação (PV), Índice de Vinculação (IV), Poder de Exclusão (PE), Poder de Discriminação e Razão de Verossimilhança foram também elevados, demonstraram que os dez X-STRs são altamente polimórficos e discriminativos na população estudada. A concentração mínima de DNA para a amplificação dos loci do LDD (X-STR) Decaplex é de 0,5 ng e verificamos que amplificação por PCR pode ser afetada quando são adicionados mais de 5 ng de DNA nas reações. Os percentuais de bandas stutter foram elevados para os loci DXS7132 e DXS8377. No teste de reprodutibilidade observamos consistência entre as tipagem de diferentes amostras biológicas, incluindo as de restos mortais. No teste de mistura a proporção limite em que observamos a coexistência de duas espécies biológicas foi de 2,5:1ng (feminino-masculino). Os resultados evidenciaram que os loci do LDD (X-STR) Decaplex são altamente informativos, consistindo, em conjunto, uma ferramenta importante em estudos de identificação humana e de relações de parentesco.

Utilização de sistema multiplex de marcadores do tipo INDELs em identificação humana por DNA

Os INDELs são polimorfismos de comprimento, gerados a partir de inserções e/ou deleções de um ou mais nucleotídeos. Os marcadores INDELs, que estão amplamente distribuídos pelo genoma e se caracterizam pela alta estabilidade devido à baixa taxa mutacional (10-9), podem ser analisados a partir da amplificação por PCR (Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase). A facilidade de análise e a possibilidade de construção de sistemas multiplex capazes de gerar amplicons curtos (menores que 100 pb) tornam os INDELs uma importante ferramenta para identificação humana por DNA. Para avaliar a eficiência e validar a metodologia que emprega os polimorfismos de inserção/deleção na identificação humana, utilizamos o sistema Indel-plex ID, capaz de amplificar simultaneamente 38 loci INDELs bialélicos de cromossomos autossomos. Diferentes amostras biológicas (cabelo, saliva, sangue, sêmen e urina) foram genotipadas apresentando reprodutibilidade entre todas as tipagens. A concentração mínima de DNA necessária para amplificação dos 38 loci INDELs foi de 0,5 ng. Artefatos do tipo split peaks foram observados em algumas amostras. Os produtos da PCR foram purificados em resina Sephadex proporcionando melhores condições de análise, redução de artefatos e aumento na intensidade média de fluorescência dos alelos amplificados. A eficiência do sistema Indel-plex ID na amplificação de DNA degradado foi verificada durante as análises das amostras de DNA extraídas de restos mortais (ossos e dentes). Comparativamente ao sistema Identifiler, o Indel-plex ID, se mostrou mais eficiente em termos de número de loci genotipados e qualidade de amplificação. Nas investigações de vínculos genéticos realizadas com o sistema Indel-plex ID foi possível corroborar resultados anteriores obtidos pela análise de marcadores STR. Nas análises com amostras in vivo foram obtidos valores máximos de Probabilidades de Paternidade de 99,99998%. Para casos envolvendo supostos pais falecidos, o sistema Indel-plex ID reforçou resultados obtidos com o sistema Identifiler e Minifiler. A Probabilidade de Paternidade de 99,953%, obtida com o sistema Indel-plex ID, conjugada com a Probabilidade de Paternidade de 99,957%, obtida como o sistema Minifiler, possibilitou um índice final de 99,99998%. Os resultados evidenciaram que os loci INDELs do sistema Indel-plex ID são altamente informativos, constituindo uma ferramenta importante em estudos de identificação humana e de relações de parentesco

A review of vision-based gait recognition methods for human identification

Human identification by gait has created a great deal of interest in computer vision community due to its advantage of inconspicuous recognition at a relatively far distance. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of recent developments on gait recognition approaches. The survey emphasizes on three major issues involved in a general gait recognition system, namely gait image representation, feature dimensionality reduction and gait classification. Also, a review of the available public gait datasets is presented. The concluding discussions outline a number of research challenges and provide promising future directions for the field.

Utlização do DNA mitocondrial no contexto forense brasileiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise de polimorfismos do DNA mitocondrial em indivíduos residentes na grande São Paulo para aplicação na identificação humana

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Laboratório de Investigação de Paternidade FCFAr-UNESP: Histórico e Atualidades

The Laboratory of Investigation on Paternity - FCFAr-UNESP performs an outreach university activity according to 53, UNESP Resolution article 3 , published on November 3, 2004. This article is classified in Human Rights area involving community services, training highly qualified human resources and scientific development. This kind of service is performed with advanced technological resources and quality control similar to the international standard. in human identification by DNA research results are available . The laboratory offers a highly qualified service at a fair price, allowing the low-income population access to such tests.

Microbial identification by detection of ligation probes on DNA microarray

Microbes in natural and artificial environments as well as in the human body are a key part of the functional properties of these complex systems. The presence or absence of certain microbial taxa is a correlate of functional status like risk of disease or course of metabolic processes of a microbial community. As microbes are highly diverse and mostly notcultivable, molecular markers like gene sequences are a potential basis for detection and identification of key types. The goal of this thesis was to study molecular methods for identification of microbial DNA in order to develop a tool for analysis of environmental and clinical DNA samples. Particular emphasis was placed on specificity of detection which is a major challenge when analyzing complex microbial communities. The approach taken in this study was the application and optimization of enzymatic ligation of DNA probes coupled with microarray read-out for high-throughput microbial profiling. The results show that fungal phylotypes and human papillomavirus genotypes could be accurately identified from pools of PCR amplicons generated from purified sample DNA. Approximately 1 ng/μl of sample DNA was needed for representative PCR amplification as measured by comparisons between clone sequencing and microarray. A minimum of 0,25 amol/μl of PCR amplicons was detectable from amongst 5 ng/μl of background DNA, suggesting that the detection limit of the test comprising of ligation reaction followed by microarray read-out was approximately 0,04%. Detection from sample DNA directly was shown to be feasible with probes forming a circular molecule upon ligation followed by PCR amplification of the probe. In this approach, the minimum detectable relative amount of target genome was found to be 1% of all genomes in the sample as estimated from 454 deep sequencing results. Signal-to-noise of contact printed microarrays could be improved by using an internal microarray hybridization control oligonucleotide probe together with a computational algorithm. The algorithm was based on identification of a bias in the microarray data and correction of the bias as shown by simulated and real data. The results further suggest semiquantitative detection to be possible by ligation detection, allowing estimation of target abundance in a sample. However, in practise, comprehensive sequence information of full length rRNA genes is needed to support probe design with complex samples. This study shows that DNA microarray has the potential for an accurate microbial diagnostic platform to take advantage of increasing sequence data and to replace traditional, less efficient methods that still dominate routine testing in laboratories. The data suggests that ligation reaction based microarray assay can be optimized to a degree that allows good signal-tonoise and semiquantitative detection.

Identification of abundant alkyl ether glycerophospholipids in the human lens by tandem mass spectrometry techniques

Previous studies have shown that the human lens contains glycerophospholipids with ether linkages. These lipids differ from conventional glycerophospholipids in that the sn-1 substituent is attached to the glycerol backbone via an 1-O-alkyl or an 1-O-alk-1'-enyl ether rather than an ester bond. The present investigation employed a combination of collision-induced dissociation (CID) and ozone-induced dissociation (OzID) to unambiguously distinguish such 1-O-alkyl and 1-O-alk-1'-enyl ethers. Using these methodologies the human lens was found to contain several abundant 1-O-alkyl glycerophos-phoethanolamines, including GPEtn(16:0e/9Z-18:1), GPEtn(11Z-18:1e/9Z-18:1), and GPEtn(18:0e/9Z-18:1), as well as a related series of unusual 1-O-alkyl glycerophosphoserines, including GPSer(16:0e/9Z-18:1), GPSer(11Z-18:1e/9Z-18:1), GPSer(18:0e/9Z-18:1) that to our knowledge have not previously been observed in human tissue. Isomeric 1-O-alk-1'-enyl ethers were absent or in low abundance. Examination of the double bond position within the phospholipids using OzID revealed that several positional isomers were present, including sites of unsaturation at the n-9, n-7, and even n-5 positions. Tandem CID/OzID experiments revealed a preference for double bonds in the n-7 position of 1-O-ether linked chains, while n-9 double bonds predominated in the ester-linked fatty acids [e.g., GPEtn(11Z-18:1e/9Z-18:1) and GPSer(11Z-18:1e/9Z-18:1)]. Different combinations of these double bond positional isomers within chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions point to a remarkable molecular diversity of ether-lipids within the human lens.

Identification of phospholipids in human meibum by nano-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

Meibum is believed to be the major source of tear film lipids, which are vital in the prevention of excess evaporation of the aqueous phase. The complete lipid composition of meibum has yet to be established. While earlier studies reported the presence of phospholipids in human meibum, recent mass spectrometric studies have not detected them. In this study we use electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the presence of phospholipids in meibum and provide comparison to the phospholipid profile of tears.Lipids were extracted from human meibum and tear samples using standard biphasic methods and analysed by nano-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry using targeted ion scans. A total of 35 choline-containing phospholipids were identified in meibum and the profile of these was similar to that observed in tears, suggesting tear lipids are derived from meibum. The results shown here highlight the need for a combination of optimised techniques to enable the identification of the large range of lipid classes in meibum. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Fish species identification in Canned Tuna by DNA Analysis (PCR-SSCP)

DNA in canned tuna is degraded into short fragments of a rew hundred base pairs. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify short sequences of mitochondrial DNA, which were denatured and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE) for detection of single strand conformation polymorphisms. Species specific patterns of DNA bands were obtained for a number of tuna and bonito species. DE: In Thunfischkonserven liegt die DNA in Form kurzkettiger Fragmente von wenigen Hundert Basenpaaren Länge vor. Mit Hilfe der Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR) wurden kurze Sequenzen der mitochondrialen DNA vervielfältigt. Anschließend wurde die gebildete DNA in Einzelsträngen überführt, die durch eine native Polyacrylamidgel-Elektrophorese (PAGE) aufgetrennt wurde. Für eine Reihe von Thunfischen und Boniten ergaben die Einzelstränge artspezifische Bandenmuster, die auf unterschiedliche Konformationen der DNA-Stränge der einzelnen Fischarten zurückzuführen sind.

Identification of 27 Porphyra lines (Rhodophyta) by DNA fingerprinting and molecular markers

Twenty-seven Porphyra lines, including lines widely used in China, wild lines and lines introduced to China from abroad in recent years, were screened by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with 120 operon primers. From the generated RAPD products, 11 bands that showed stable and repeatable RAPD patterns amplified by OPC-04, OPJ-18 and OPX-06, respectively were scored and used to develop the DNA fingerprints of the 27 Porphyra lines. Moreover, the DNA fingerprinting patterns were converted into computer language expressed with two digitals, 1 and 0, which represented the presence (numbered as 1) or absence (numbered as 0) of the corresponding band, respectively. Based on the above results, computerized DNA fingerprints were constructed in which each of the 27 Porphyra lines has its unique fingerprinting pattern and can be easily distinguished from others. Software named PGI (Porphyra germplasm identification) was designed for identification of the 27 Porphyra lines. In addition, seven specific RAPD markers from seven Porphyra lines were identified and two of them were successfully converted into SCAR (sequence characterized amplification region) markers. The developed DNA fingerprinting and specific molecular markers provide useful ways for the identification, classification and resource protection of the Porphyra lines.

Identification of phospholipid structures in human blood by direct-injection quadrupole-linear ion-trap mass spectrometry

Direct-injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in combination with information-dependent data acquisition (IDA), using a triple-quadrupole/linear ion trap combination, allows high-throughput qualitative analysis of complex phospholipid species from child whole blood. In the IDA experiments, scans to detect specific head groups (precursor ion or neutral loss scans) were used as survey scans to detect phospholipid classes. An enhanced resolution scan was then used to confirm the mass assignments, and the enhanced product ion scan was implemented as a dependent scan to determine the composition of each phospholipid class. These survey and dependent scans were performed sequentially and repeated for the entire duration of analysis, thus providing the maximum information from a single injection. In this way, 50 different phospholipids belonging to the phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin classes were identified in child whole blood. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Identification of beta-adrenergic receptors in human lymphocytes by (-) (3H) alprenolol binding.

Human lymphocytes are known to posessess a catecholamine-responsive adenylate cyclase which has typical beta-adrenergic specificity. To identify directly and to quantitate these beta-adenergic receptors in human lymphocytes, (-) [3H] alprenolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, was used to label binding sites in homogenates of human mononuclear leukocytes. Binding of (-) [3H] alprenolol to these sites demonstrated the kinetics, affinity, and stereospecificity expected of binding to adenylate cyclase-coupled beta-adrenergic receptors. Binding was rapid (t1/2 less than 30 s) and rapidly reversible (t1/2 less than 3 min) at 37 degrees C. Binding was a saturable process with 75 +/- 12 fmol (-) [3H] alprenolol bound/mg protein (mean +/- SEM) at saturation, corresponding to about 2,000 sites/cell. Half-maximal saturation occurred at 10 nM (-) [3H] alprenolol, which provides an estimate of the dissociation constant of (-) [3H] alprenolol for the beta-adrenergic receptor. The beta-adrenergic antagonist, (-) propranolol, potently competed for the binding sites, causing half-maximal inhibition of binding at 9 nM. beta-Adrenergic agonists also competed for the binding sites. The order of potency was (-) isoproterenol greater than (-) epinephrine greater than (-)-norepinephrine which agreed with the order of potency of these agents in stimulating leukocyte adenylate cyclase. Dissociation constants computed from binding experiments were virtually identical to those obtained from adenylate cyclase activation studies. Marked stereospecificity was observed for both binding and activation of adenylate cyclase. (-)Stereoisomers of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists were 9- to 300-fold more potent than their corresponding (+) stereoisomers. Structurally related compounds devoid of beta-adrenergic activity such as dopamine, dihydroxymandelic acid, normetanephrine, pyrocatechol, and phentolamine did not effectively compete for the binding sites. (-) [3H] alprenolol binding to human mononuclear leukocyte preparations was almost entirely accounted for by binding to small lymphocytes, the predominant cell type in the preparations. No binding was detectable to human erythrocytes. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using direct binding methods to study beta-adrenergic receptors in a human tissue. They also provide an experimental approach to the study of states of altered sensitivity to catecholamines at the receptor level in man.